DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: Guidelines

The following guidelines to documenting your sources are based on both the MLA and the APA styles of documentation. Use each style for the appropriate subject:

MLA: ARA:

Languages Social Sciences

Arts (Geography, Family Studies)

History Sciences

Business

Technology

Title for documentation page:

Works Cited Reference List

For more examples see original resources in library:

Gibaldi, Joseph, ed. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6" ed.

New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ad.). (2003).

Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

BASIC RULES FOR WRITING BIBLIOGRAPHIES:

qThe first line begins at the left-hand margin, with all subsequent lines for that entry indented.

qAlphabetize entries by the author's last name or the first main word (ignore A, An and The).

qIf you are using a word processor, italicize the titles of books, periodicals, films, etc., otherwise underline titles.

qUse quotation marks at the beginning and end of titles of articles, stories, essays, poems or songs.

qThe three main divisions of author, title and publishing data are separated by periods.

qDouble space within and between entries.

qDo not number entries.

qIf there is no author, start with the next part of the entry (title). If there is no date use n.d.

MLA & APA MODELS FOR DOCUMENTING SOURCES

NOTE: For economy of space, the following examples are not double-spaced, but they should be double-spaced in your essays.

BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR

MLA: Mistry, Rohinton. A Fine Balance. Toronto: McClelland, 1995.

APA: Daley, Michael. (1997). Nuclear Power: Promise or Peril? Minneapolis: Lerner

Publications.

BOOK BY TWO AUTHORS

MLA: Strunk, W. Jr. and E.B. White. The Elements of Style. New York: Macmillan, 1979.

APA: Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The Elements of Style (3 rd ed.). New York:

Macmillan,

BOOK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS ("et al" is Latin for "and others")

MLA: Colborn, T.E. et al. Great Lakes, Great Legacy? Washington: The Conservation

Foundation,1990.

APA: Use all authors' names up to maximum six authors, with an ampersand (&) before the last name. If more than six authors, exclude the ampersand and write et al after the sixth author's name.

Simpson, J., Tullett, C.T., Dietrich, C., Lansens, K.P., Johnson, S., & McPeake, L.E.

(1999). Citing from Foggy Bottom. Blenheim: Bobcat Press.

NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR GIVEN

MLA: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Chicago: United States

Environmental Protection Agency and Toronto: Environment Canada, 1995.

APA: The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. (1995). Chicago: United

States Environmental Protection Agency and Toronto: Environment Canada.

BOOK BY AN EDITOR/COMPILER

MLA: Broadly, S.G., ed. People in Organizations. Rev. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.

Adrian, Lorne A., comp. The Most Important Thing I Know About the Spirit of Sport.

New York: Morrow, 1999.

APA: Broadley, S.G. (Ed.). (1997). People In Organizations (Rev. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE, WITH & WITHOUT AUTHOR

MLA: Picciano, M.F. "Diet." World Book Encyclopedia. 2001.

"Grassland." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15^th ed.1998.

APA: Picciano, M.F. (2001). Diet. In The World Book Encyclopedia (vol. 4, pp. 200-201).

Chicago: World Book.

Grassland. (1998). The New Encyclopedia Britannica (15^th ed., vol. 5, pp. 431-432).

Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION

MLA: Canada. Statistics Canada. Communications Division. Canada Year Book 2000.

Ottawa: Minister of Industry, 1999.

APA: Canada. Atomic Energy Control Board. (1998). Annual Report 1997-98

(Catalogue No. CC 171-1998). Ottawa: Minister of Public

Works and Government Services Canada.

MAGAZINE, JOURNAL OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, WITH AUTHOR

MLA: McKenna, B. "Canada, U.S. near resolving cultural battle." The Globe and Mail. 21 June

1995: A1. A4.

APA: McKenna, B. (1995, June 21). Canada, U.S. near resolving cultural battle. The Globe and

Mail. Pp. A1, A4.

MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR

MLA: "Jays win on the road," The London Free Press. 31 May 1995: B1.

APA: Jays win on the road. (1995, May 31). The London Free Press. P. B1.

PAMPHLET WITH& WITHOUT AUTHOR

MLA: Association Touristique des Laurentides. Laurentians. Quebec: Tourism Quebec, 2000.

Discover St. Martin. Paris: N.P., 1998.

APA: Community Legal Clinics. (1997, October). Having a Baby? Adopting a Child? [Brochure].

Ontario.

Discover St. Martin. (1998). Paris: N.P.

RADIO OR TV PROGRAMME

MLA: Colyer, Jill, Peter Flaherty, and Franciska Kouwenhoven. 'Tibet: A Rare Look." News in

Review Resource Guide Sept. 1999. Toronto: CBC, 1999. 30-42.

APA: Haines, C. (Producer). (1995, July 17). Constantly battling cancer. Science Hour.

[Television broadcast]. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

FILM

MLA: Dances With Wolves. Dir. Kevin Costner. Perf. Kevin Costner. TIG and Orion, 1990,

APA: Costner, K. (Director). (1990). Dances with Wolves. [Film]. New York: TIG and Orion.

VIDEOTAPE

MLA: In the Shadow of Vesuvius. Prod. National Geographic Society. Videocassette. National

Geographic Society, 1987.

APA: National Geographic Society (Producer). (1987). In the Shadow of Vesuvius. [Videotape].

Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.

INTERVIEW (Personal, TV or Radio)

MLA: McConnell T, Personal interview. June 24, 2003.

Neeson, Liam. Interview with Barbara Walters. Barbara Walters Special. ABC, 12 Sept.

1999.

APA: Bailey, F.L. (1995, July 3). [interview with Larry King]. Larry King live. Los Angeles: Cable

News Network.

APA PERSONAL INTERVIEW: Do not include in References/Bibliography. Cite in text only: (T. McConnell, personal communication, June 30, 2005).

INTERNET

MLA: Author. "Title of Section in Document." Title of Document.

Date of electronic publication/copyright. Access date <URL>

Fussell, Paul. "Death in the Trenches." Great War Interviews. 9 Mar. 1999. 20 Feb. 2000

<http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/interviews>

APA: Author. (Date of online posting year, month day or n.d.). Title of

section In Web page. Title of main or home page. Retrieval date (month

day, year) on the World Wide Web: URL

Grobman, M. (n.d.). The Madagascar plan. The Jewish student online-research center

(JSOURCE). Retrieved February 20, 2000 on the World Wide Web:

http://www.us-israe(.orglisource/Ho(ocaust/Madagascar.html

CD-ROM

MLA: Heilman, R.B. "Charlotte Bronte's 'new' Gothic". The Brontes: A Collection of Critical

Essays. Prentice Hall. 96-189. Discovering Authors. Ver. 1.0. CD-ROM. Detroit.,

Gale, 1994.

APA: Heilman, R.B. (1970). Charlotte Bronte's "new" Gothic in The Brontes: A Collection of

Critical Essays [CD-ROM]. Prentice Hall. 96-189. Retrieved September 15, 2000,

from Discovering Authors (Detroit, MI, Gale Research, CD-ROM, 1994).

ONLINE NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES (DATABASE SUBSCRIPTIONS)

MLA: Clancy, Tom. "On a Sub, There's No Room for Mistakes." Newsweek. 28 Aug. 2000:40.

EBSCO. 24 June 2003. <search.epnet.com>

APA: Clancy, Tom. (2000, August 28). On a sub, there's no room for mistakes. Newsweek,

40.Retrieved September 5, 2000 from EBSCO on the World Wide Web:

search.epnet.com

ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIA, WITH & WITHOUT AUTHOR

MLA: Farr, D.M.L. "The Alaska Boundary Dispute." The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2002. 25 Oct.

2002 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm>

"Fresco." Britannica Online. Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 Feb.

2000 <http://www.eb.com/180>

APA: Newark, M.J. (1997, September 6). Tornado. The 1998 Canadian Encyclopedia.

Retrieved May 9, 2000 from Electric Library on the World Wide Web:

hftp://elibrary.ca/education

Volcano. (n.d.). Britannica.com. (No pagination]. Retrieved February 20,

2000 from Britannica.com on the World Wide Web: http://www.britannica.com

CD-ROM ENCYCLOPEDIA

MLA: "The Grand Canyon." Microsoft Encarta. 1999 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft, 1999.

APA: Trench warfare. (1998). Microsoft Encarta. [CD-ROM]. Redmond: Microsoft. Retrieved

from Encarta (CD-ROM, 1998 release)

CITING YOUR SOURCES

Quotations or borrowed words and phrases should be used selectively, and copied verbatim. When referring to the work of others, you must acknowledge that work whether you are quoting or paraphrasing. The citation should appear in parentheses in the body of your work. The source of the work you are citing must appear in your References, Works Cited or Bibliography at the end of your paper. Indicate words left out by using square brackets containing three dots […]

CITING A DIRECT QUOTE: If a quotation is under 40 words, it is incorporated into the text of the paper and enclosed by quotation marks. Source citation is in parenthesis (i.e. round brackets) at the end of the quote, and include the complete reference in the Reference List at the back.

MLA: She states, "The two kinds of violence against women, male-to-female

and female-to-female, have their origins in the same belief systems" (Artz 204).

APA: She states, "The two kinds of violence against women, male-to-female

and female-to-female, have their origins in the same belief systems" (Artz, 1998, p. 204).

PARAPHRASING: Use original authors name in the text, and cite page number in brackets.

MLA: Artz's research found that belief systems are the underlying cause of violence against

women (204).

APA: Artz's research (1998) found that belief systems are the underlying cause of violence

against women (p.204).

LONG QUOTATIONS: Begin a new line, indent 10 spaces or 1" (MLA), and five spaces 1/2 (APA) from the left margin and type DOUBLE-SPACED, without quotation marks. (Note: this example has not been double-spaced to economize on space).

MLA: To succeed, antiviolence programs must target negative social influences and

aspects of our belief system that perpetuate violence against women. The images

of girls and women that predominate on television, in the movies and particularly in

rock music and the videos that promote it, are overwhelmingly sexist and

misogynist. Violence prevention programming must take into account the systemic

ways in which girls and women are sexually misused and exploited, and must help

both females and males find constructive ways to understand and related to

females (Artz 204).

APA: at the end of the quote use: (Artz, 1998, p. 204).

CITING SOURCES BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORS:

MLA: (Strunk and White 24).

(Colborn et al 15).

APA: (Strunk & White, 1979, p. 24).

(Colborn et al, 1990, 15).

USING THE AUTHOR'S NAME AND SOURCE TITLE IN TEXT: just cite the page number (in parenthesis) at the end of the sentence.

Juror No. 3 in Rose's Twelve Angry Men does not hide his impatience with the other members of the jury when he states: "I've got a good mind to walk around this table and belt him one" (28).

LITERARY CITATIONS: at the end of your quote or reference from literature, cite the act, scene & line numbers for a play, the page # and chapter for a novel, and just line numbers for a poem.

e.g. Citing Act 2, Scene 2, lines 66 & 67 from Macbeth: (2.2 66-67).

Citing from Chapter 25, page 283 of a novel where the title & author are already

mentioned in the text: (283: ch.25).

Citing lines from a poem (when the poet and title have already been mentioned in

text): (8-9).

TITLE PAGE & ESSAY

If you are using a title page, you do not need to repeat the title, your name and the course information on page one of the paper.

Margins should be 1 inch on all 4 sides of the essay pages, except the first page top margin, which should be 2 inches.

Double space essay.

Sample Title Page

Title of Essay

Your name

Subject

Teacher

Date